A relative clause links extra information about a noun to a sentence, using a pronoun or an adverb. Two parts of this topic are about choosing the right word, two are about the structure of the clause, and one combines both. This guide has five parts, and they match the five parts of the diagnostic exactly.
关于本指南: 关系从句
关系从句用一个代词或副词把一条关于名词的额外信息连接到句子上。选对词、判断能否省略它、正确使用标点，都取决于该名词是人、物、地点还是时间，代词在从句中的角色，以及这条信息是否是必要的。本主题有两个部分讲选择正确的关系代词或关系副词，两个部分讲从句的结构，一个部分讲简化从句、动词一致和介词。本指南分为五个部分，与诊断测试的五个部分完全对应。
你可以先做诊断测验，看看这个主题的哪些部分需要复习，也可以直接进入练习活动，其中包含复习幻灯片。
本指南本身为英文。这些翻译只是额外提供的便利，可能不够完美。
このガイドについて: 関係節
関係節は、代名詞や副詞を使って、名詞についての追加情報を文に結びつけます。正しい語を選ぶこと、それを省略できるかどうか、句読点の付け方は、その名詞が人・物・場所・時のどれか、代名詞が節の中でどんな役割を果たすか、そしてその情報が必要かどうかによって決まります。このテーマの 2 つのパートは正しい関係代名詞や関係副詞を選ぶことについて、2 つは節の構造について、1 つは縮約された関係節、動詞の一致、前置詞についてです。このガイドは 5 つのパートで、診断テストの 5 つのパートと完全に対応しています。
まず診断テストを受けて、このテーマのどの部分を復習すべきか確認することもできますし、復習スライドを含む練習アクティビティにそのまま進むこともできます。
このガイド自体は英語です。これらの翻訳は補助として提供しているもので、完全とは限りません。
이 가이드 소개: 관계절
관계절은 대명사나 부사를 사용해 명사에 대한 추가 정보를 문장에 연결합니다. 올바른 단어를 고르는 것, 그것을 생략할 수 있는지, 구두점을 어떻게 찍는지는 그 명사가 사람, 사물, 장소, 시간 중 무엇인지, 대명사가 절 안에서 어떤 역할을 하는지, 그리고 그 정보가 필수적인지에 달려 있습니다. 이 주제의 두 영역은 올바른 관계대명사나 관계부사를 고르는 것에 관한 것이고, 두 영역은 절의 구조에 관한 것이며, 한 영역은 축약 관계절, 동사 일치, 전치사를 다룹니다. 이 가이드는 다섯 부분으로 되어 있으며, 진단 테스트의 다섯 부분과 정확히 일치합니다.
먼저 진단 퀴즈로 이 주제에서 복습이 필요한 부분을 확인해도 되고, 복습 슬라이드가 포함된 연습 활동으로 바로 들어가도 됩니다.
가이드 자체는 영어로 되어 있습니다. 이 번역은 부가적으로 제공되는 것이며 완벽하지 않을 수 있습니다.
Giới thiệu hướng dẫn này: Mệnh đề quan hệ
Mệnh đề quan hệ dùng một đại từ hoặc trạng từ để nối thông tin thêm về một danh từ với câu. Việc chọn đúng từ, biết có thể bỏ nó không, và chấm câu đúng cách phụ thuộc vào danh từ đó là người, vật, nơi chốn hay thời gian, vai trò của đại từ trong mệnh đề, và thông tin đó có cần thiết hay không. Hai phần của chủ đề này nói về việc chọn đúng đại từ hoặc trạng từ quan hệ, hai phần nói về cấu trúc của mệnh đề, và một phần nói về mệnh đề rút gọn, sự hòa hợp của động từ và giới từ. Hướng dẫn này gồm năm phần, khớp chính xác với năm phần của bài kiểm tra chẩn đoán.
Bạn có thể bắt đầu bằng bài kiểm tra chẩn đoán để biết phần nào cần ôn lại, hoặc vào thẳng các hoạt động luyện tập, trong đó có cả slide ôn tập.
Đọc hướng dẫn bằng tiếng Việt →
Bản hướng dẫn này được viết bằng tiếng Anh. Các bản dịch chỉ là phần hỗ trợ thêm và có thể chưa hoàn hảo.
इस गाइड के बारे में: संबंधवाचक वाक्यांश
संबंधवाचक वाक्यांश किसी संज्ञा के बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारी को सर्वनाम या क्रियाविशेषण से वाक्य से जोड़ते हैं। सही शब्द चुनना, यह तय करना कि उसे छोड़ा जा सकता है या नहीं, और सही विराम चिह्न लगाना इस पर निर्भर करता है कि वह संज्ञा व्यक्ति, वस्तु, स्थान या समय है, सर्वनाम वाक्यांश में क्या भूमिका निभाता है, और वह जानकारी ज़रूरी है या नहीं। इस विषय के दो भाग सही relative pronoun या relative adverb चुनने के बारे में हैं, दो भाग वाक्यांश की संरचना के बारे में हैं, और एक भाग छोटे किए गए वाक्यांश, क्रिया की सहमति और पूर्वसर्गों को कवर करता है। इस गाइड के पाँच भाग हैं, जो निदान परीक्षा के पाँच भागों से ठीक मेल खाते हैं।
आप निदान क्विज़ से शुरू करके जान सकते हैं कि इस विषय के कौन-से भाग दोहराने चाहिए, या सीधे अभ्यास गतिविधियों में जा सकते हैं, जिनमें दोहराव की स्लाइडें भी हैं।
गाइड स्वयं अंग्रेज़ी में है। ये अनुवाद अतिरिक्त सुविधा के रूप में हैं और पूरी तरह सटीक न भी हों।
نبذة عن هذا الدليل: الجمل الموصولة
تربط الجملة الموصولة معلومة إضافية عن اسم بالجملة باستخدام ضمير أو ظرف. ويتوقف اختيار الكلمة الصحيحة، ومعرفة إن كان يمكن حذفها، وضبط الترقيم على ما إذا كان الاسم شخصًا أو شيئًا أو مكانًا أو زمانًا، ودور الضمير داخل الجملة، وما إذا كانت المعلومة ضرورية. جزآن من هذا الموضوع عن اختيار ضمير الوصل أو ظرف الوصل الصحيح، وجزآن عن بنية الجملة، وجزء عن الجمل المختصرة ومطابقة الفعل وحروف الجر. يتكون هذا الدليل من خمسة أجزاء تطابق تمامًا الأجزاء الخمسة في الاختبار التشخيصي.
يمكنك البدء بالاختبار التشخيصي لمعرفة الأجزاء التي تحتاج إلى مراجعة، أو الانتقال مباشرة إلى أنشطة التدريب، وتشمل شرائح مراجعة.
الدليل نفسه بالإنجليزية. هذه الترجمات مجرد خدمة إضافية وقد لا تكون دقيقة تمامًا.
Об этом руководстве: Придаточные определительные
Придаточное определительное соединяет дополнительную информацию о существительном с предложением с помощью местоимения или наречия. Выбор правильного слова, возможность его опустить и правильная пунктуация зависят от того, обозначает ли существительное человека, вещь, место или время, какую роль местоимение играет в придаточном и является ли информация необходимой. Две части этой темы посвящены выбору правильного относительного местоимения или наречия, две посвящены структуре придаточного, и одна охватывает сокращённые придаточные, согласование глагола и предлоги. В этом руководстве пять частей, и они точно соответствуют пяти частям диагностического теста.
Можно начать с диагностического теста, чтобы узнать, какие части темы стоит повторить, или сразу перейти к упражнениям, в которые входят слайды для повторения.
Читать руководство на русском →
Само руководство написано на английском. Эти переводы — дополнительная помощь, и они могут быть неидеальными.
Acerca de esta guía: Cláusulas relativas
Las cláusulas relativas unen información adicional sobre un sustantivo a la oración mediante un pronombre o un adverbio. Elegir la palabra correcta, saber si se puede omitir y puntuar bien depende de si el sustantivo es una persona, una cosa, un lugar o un momento, del papel del pronombre en la cláusula, y de si la información es necesaria. Dos partes de este tema tratan de elegir el pronombre o adverbio relativo correcto, dos de la estructura de la cláusula, y una cubre las cláusulas reducidas, la concordancia verbal y las preposiciones. Esta guía tiene cinco partes, y coinciden exactamente con las cinco partes del diagnóstico.
Puedes empezar con el cuestionario de diagnóstico para saber qué partes del tema conviene repasar, o ir directamente a las actividades de práctica, que incluyen diapositivas de repaso.
La guía en sí está en inglés. Estas traducciones son un añadido de cortesía y pueden no ser perfectas.
À propos de ce guide: Propositions relatives
Les propositions relatives relient une information supplémentaire sur un nom à la phrase au moyen d'un pronom ou d'un adverbe. Choisir le bon mot, savoir s'il peut être omis et bien ponctuer dépendent de si le nom désigne une personne, une chose, un lieu ou un moment, du rôle du pronom dans la proposition, et si l'information est nécessaire. Deux parties de ce sujet portent sur le choix du bon pronom ou adverbe relatif, deux sur la structure de la proposition, et une couvre les propositions réduites, l'accord du verbe et les prépositions. Ce guide comporte cinq parties, qui correspondent exactement aux cinq parties du diagnostic.
Vous pouvez commencer par le quiz de diagnostic pour savoir quelles parties du sujet réviser, ou passer directement aux activités d'entraînement, qui comprennent des diapositives de révision.
Le guide lui-même est en anglais. Ces traductions sont un complément offert et peuvent ne pas être parfaites.
Sobre este guia: Orações relativas
As orações relativas ligam informações adicionais sobre um substantivo à frase por meio de um pronome ou de um advérbio. Escolher a palavra certa, saber se ela pode ser omitida e pontuar bem depende de o substantivo ser uma pessoa, uma coisa, um lugar ou um momento, da função do pronome na oração e de a informação ser necessária. Duas partes deste tema tratam da escolha do pronome ou advérbio relativo correto, duas da estrutura da oração, e uma cobre as orações reduzidas, a concordância verbal e as preposições. Este guia tem cinco partes, que correspondem exatamente às cinco partes do teste diagnóstico.
Você pode começar pelo teste diagnóstico para ver quais partes do tema precisam de revisão, ou ir direto para as atividades de prática, que incluem slides de revisão.
O guia em si está em inglês. Estas traduções são um recurso extra e podem não ser perfeitas.
Your diagnostic result says which part needs review. Tap that part below.
The core idea: what does the word refer to, and what job does it do?
Almost every choice in this topic comes back to two questions: what is the word standing for, and what role does it play inside its own clause?
| Question | Answer decides |
|---|---|
| Person, thing, or possession? Is there a noun before the clause? | who, which, whose, or what (Part 1) |
| Is the clause complete without the word? | where, when, why, or which and that (Part 2) |
| Subject or object of its own clause? | whether the pronoun can be dropped (Part 3) |
| Identifies which one, or adds extra information? | no commas, or commas required (Part 4) |
| Does the noun do the action or receive it? | -ing or past participle (Part 5) |
- 1
What does the word refer to? A person, a thing, a place, a time, or a reason. If no noun comes before it, use what (Parts 1 and 2).
- 2
What job does it do in its own clause? A subject stays, an object can go, and a verb that needs an object rules out where (Parts 2 and 3).
- 3
Does the clause identify which one, or just add a fact? Non-defining clauses need commas and never use that (Part 4).
Part 5 covers shortened clauses, verb agreement, and prepositions in formal English.
Who, which, whose, and what
Person, thing, or possession? And is there a noun before the clause at all?
The rule: Who is for people and which is for things; that can replace either in a defining clause. Whose shows possession. What means the thing that, so it is used only when no noun comes before it.
Match the word to what it refers to
| Word | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|
| who | people | The woman who called is my sister. |
| which | things | The car which broke down is mine. |
| that | people or things (defining only) | The book that I read was excellent. |
| whom | object of the clause, formal | The man whom I met was very kind. |
| whose | possession, people or things | The woman whose car broke down called a mechanic. |
What: no noun before it
Not
Everything what I own fits in one bag.Show me that you bought.
Say
Everything that I own fits in one bag.
Show me what you bought.
In everyday speech, who often replaces whom. Whom is never the subject: the man who called, not the man whom called.
Common errors in this part
- the wrong relative pronoun
The dentist which cleaned my teeth was very gentle.✓ The dentist who cleaned my teeth was very gentle.Who refers to a person. - what used instead of that or which
The best thing what happened this year was my new job.✓ The best thing that happened this year was my new job.Thing is already the noun, so use that. - who, who's, or who his used instead of whose
I have a cousin who his wife is a pilot.✓ I have a cousin whose wife is a pilot.Whose replaces who his.
More: that with superlatives and generic nouns
That is especially common after superlatives and words like the only, the first, and everything: This is the best book that I have ever read. He was the only one that noticed.
Where, when, or which?
Is the clause complete without the word, or does the verb still need an object or a preposition?
The rule: Where, when, and why stand for a preposition plus which, so use them only when the clause is complete without them. If the verb needs an object, use which or that; if it needs a preposition, keep the preposition.
Place, time, or reason
| Adverb | Refers to | Example |
|---|---|---|
| where | a place | This is the cafe where we first met. |
| when | a time | I remember the day when we graduated. |
| why | a reason | That’s the reason why she left early. |
Where or which?
| The clause without the word | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|
| complete: we met there | where | the city where we met |
| needs an object: we visited it | that, which, or no word | the city (that) we visited |
| needs a preposition: we stayed in it | the preposition at the end, or in which | the hotel (that) we stayed in / the hotel in which we stayed |
The same test works for why: the reason why he left (complete), but the reason (that) he gave (gave needs an object).
Common errors in this part
- a relative adverb used where the verb needs an object
Gyeongju is a city where I really want to visit.✓ Gyeongju is a city (that) I really want to visit.Visit needs an object, so not where. - a missing preposition
The chair which I was sitting is broken.✓ The chair (that) I was sitting on is broken.Sit needs on. - the wrong relative adverb
I'll never forget the week where I started this job.✓ I'll never forget the week when I started this job.Week is a time.
Omitting the pronoun
Is the pronoun the subject or the object of its own clause? That decides if it can go.
The rule: You can omit the pronoun only when it is the object of its own clause. Never add a second pronoun for the same noun.
Subject stays. Object can go.
| Role | Can omit? | Example |
|---|---|---|
| subject of the clause | no | The man who called is my uncle. |
| object of the clause | yes | The book (that) I read was excellent. |
Doubled pronouns
Not
The man who he lives here is my neighbor.The book that I read it was excellent.
Say
The man who lives here is my neighbor.
The book that I read was excellent.
The relative pronoun already does the job. A second pronoun for the same noun is one word too many, even when the clause is long.
Common errors in this part
- a missing pronoun where the subject is left out
There are some parents want a later start time.✓ There are some parents who want a later start time.The pronoun is the subject of want, so it stays. - a doubled pronoun
The bike that I borrowed it had a flat tire.✓ The bike (that) I borrowed had a flat tire.That already stands for the bike. - a doubled pronoun
The coach who she trains us is strict.✓ The coach who trains us is strict.Who already stands for the coach.
Defining and non-defining clauses
Does the clause identify which one, or just add extra information?
The rule: A defining clause identifies which one and takes no commas. A non-defining clause adds a fact, takes commas, keeps its pronoun, and never uses that. Which after a comma can refer to a whole idea.
Identifies which one, or adds a fact?
| Type | Commas? | Example |
|---|---|---|
| defining: identifies which one | no | The students who studied hard passed. (only those students) |
| non-defining: adds a fact | yes | The students, who studied hard, passed. (all of them) |
| which for a whole idea | yes | He forgot my birthday, which upset me. |
A non-defining clause never uses that, and it always keeps its pronoun, even as the object: my old car, which I sold last year.
Common errors in this part
- a comma missing or added incorrectly
My father who is a farmer grows rice.✓ My father, who is a farmer, grows rice.You have one father, so the clause adds a fact. - that used in a non-defining clause
Jeju, that is an island, is popular with hikers.✓ Jeju, which is an island, is popular with hikers.That cannot follow a comma. - that used in a non-defining clause
It rained all weekend, that ruined our plans.✓ It rained all weekend, which ruined our plans.Which refers to the whole idea.
More: some of whom, all of which
After a quantifier in a non-defining clause, use whom for people and which for things: I have two brothers, both of whom live abroad. She wrote three novels, all of which were translated.
Reduced clauses and agreement
Does the noun do the action or receive it? And which noun does the verb agree with?
The rule: In a reduced clause, use -ing when the noun does the action and a past participle when the action is done to it. The verb agrees with the noun the pronoun refers to. After a preposition, use whom or which.
Reduced clauses
| Full clause | Reduced clause | Why |
|---|---|---|
| the man who is standing near the door | the man standing near the door | he stands: -ing |
| the book that was written by her | the book written by her | someone wrote it: past participle |
Agreement and prepositions
| Point | Example |
|---|---|
| the verb agrees with the noun the pronoun refers to | people who live here / a person who lives here |
| formal: preposition before whom or which | the colleague with whom I worked / the village in which they grew up |
That and who do not follow a preposition in this pattern.
Common errors in this part
- a clause that is only half reduced
The woman who waiting outside is my aunt.✓ The woman waiting outside is my aunt.Drop both who and is, or keep both. - the wrong participle
The money stealing from the bank was never found.✓ The money stolen from the bank was never found.Someone stole the money. - a verb that does not agree with its noun
Anyone who want a refund should keep the receipt.✓ Anyone who wants a refund should keep the receipt.Anyone is singular.
Self-check
Is each sentence correct? Tap to see the answer. The part label tells you where to look if you were not sure.
Part 1The volunteer which organized the event deserves our thanks.
Incorrect. The volunteer who organized the event deserves our thanks. Who refers to a person.
Part 1I can't remember what I said.
Correct. No noun comes before the clause, so what.
Part 2This is the stadium where we watched the final.
Correct. The clause is complete without where: we watched the final there.
Part 2This is the stadium where we toured last year.
Incorrect. This is the stadium (that) we toured last year. Tour needs an object, so not where.
Part 3The bread I baked was too dry.
Correct. The pronoun would be the object of baked, so it can be dropped.
Part 3The girl sings in the choir is my niece.
Incorrect. The girl who sings in the choir is my niece. The pronoun is the subject, so it stays.
Part 4My brother, that works in Seoul, visits every month.
Incorrect. My brother, who works in Seoul, visits every month. That cannot follow a comma.
Part 4The train was delayed, which made us late.
Correct. Which refers back to the whole idea.
Part 5The shirts made in this factory are sold worldwide.
Correct. Someone makes the shirts, so the past participle.
Part 5Someone who love animals would enjoy this job.
Incorrect. Someone who loves animals would enjoy this job. Someone is singular.
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