关系从句借助代词或副词，把有关某个名词的补充信息连接到句子里。本主题有两部分讲如何选对 词语，两部分讲从句的 结构 ，另有一部分两者兼顾。本指南共五个部分，与诊断测验的五个部分完全对应。
阅读英文版指南 → 本页为机器翻译，未经母语者审校，可能有不准确之处。以英文版为准。
诊断结果会告诉你哪个部分需要复习。请点击下面对应的部分。
核心思路：这个词指代什么，它在自己的从句里担任什么成分？
这个主题里几乎每个选择都归结为两个问题：这个词代表什么，它在自己的从句里起什么作用？
| 问题 | 答案决定 |
|---|---|
| 是人、物还是所属关系？从句前有名词吗？ | who、which、whose 还是 what（第 1 部分） |
| 没有这个词，从句是否完整？ | where、when、why，还是 which 和 that（第 2 部分） |
| 它是自己从句的主语还是宾语？ | 代词能否省略（第 3 部分） |
| 是确定指哪一个，还是补充额外信息？ | 不用逗号，还是必须用逗号（第 4 部分） |
| 名词是动作的执行者还是承受者？ | -ing 还是过去分词（第 5 部分） |
- 1
这个词指代什么？ 人、物、地点、时间或原因。如果前面没有名词，用 what（第 1 和第 2 部分）。
- 2
它在自己的从句里担任什么成分？ 主语必须保留，宾语可以省略，动词需要宾语时不能用 where（第 2 和第 3 部分）。
- 3
从句是确定指哪一个，还是只补充一个事实？ 非限制性从句需要逗号，而且不用 that（第 4 部分）。
第 5 部分讲正式英语中的简化从句、动词一致和介词。
Who、which、whose 和 what
是人、物还是所属关系？另外，从句前到底有没有名词？
规则： Who 用于人，which 用于物；在限制性从句中，that 可以代替两者。Whose 表示所属关系。What 的意思是 the thing that，所以只在前面没有名词时使用。
根据指代对象选词
| 词 | 用法 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| who | 人 | The woman who called is my sister. |
| which | 物 | The car which broke down is mine. |
| that | 人或物（仅限制性） | The book that I read was excellent. |
| whom | 从句的宾语，较正式 | The man whom I met was very kind. |
| whose | 所属关系，人或物 | The woman whose car broke down called a mechanic. |
What：前面没有名词
不说
Everything what I own fits in one bag.Show me that you bought.
应说
Everything that I own fits in one bag.
Show me what you bought.
日常口语中，who 常常代替 whom。Whom 绝不能作主语：the man who called，而不是 the man whom called。
本部分的常见错误
- 关系代词用错
The dentist which cleaned my teeth was very gentle.✓ The dentist who cleaned my teeth was very gentle.Who 指人。 - 用 what 代替了 that 或 which
The best thing what happened this year was my new job.✓ The best thing that happened this year was my new job.Thing 已经是名词，所以用 that。 - 用 who、who's 或 who his 代替了 whose
I have a cousin who his wife is a pilot.✓ I have a cousin whose wife is a pilot.Whose 取代 who his。
补充：that 用于最高级和泛指名词之后
That 在最高级以及 the only、the first、everything 这类词之后特别常见：This is the best book that I have ever read. He was the only one that noticed.
Where、when 还是 which？
没有这个词，从句是否完整？还是动词仍然需要宾语或介词？
规则： Where、when 和 why 相当于介词加 which，所以只有在没有它们从句也完整时才能用。如果动词需要宾语，用 which 或 that；如果需要介词，保留介词。
地点、时间还是原因
| 副词 | 指代 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| where | 地点 | This is the cafe where we first met. |
| when | 时间 | I remember the day when we graduated. |
| why | 原因 | That’s the reason why she left early. |
Where 还是 which？
| 去掉这个词后的从句 | 用法 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 完整：we met there | where | the city where we met |
| 需要宾语：we visited it | that, which, or no word | the city (that) we visited |
| 需要介词：we stayed in it | the preposition at the end, or in which | the hotel (that) we stayed in / the hotel in which we stayed |
同样的测试也适用于 why：the reason why he left（完整），但 the reason (that) he gave（gave 需要宾语）。
本部分的常见错误
- 动词需要宾语时用了关系副词
Gyeongju is a city where I really want to visit.✓ Gyeongju is a city (that) I really want to visit.Visit 需要宾语，所以不能用 where。 - 缺少介词
The chair which I was sitting is broken.✓ The chair (that) I was sitting on is broken.Sit 需要 on。 - 关系副词用错
I'll never forget the week where I started this job.✓ I'll never forget the week when I started this job.Week 是时间。
省略关系代词
代词是自己从句的主语还是宾语？这决定它能否省略。
规则： 只有当代词是自己从句的宾语时才能省略。绝不要为同一个名词再加第二个代词。
主语必须保留，宾语可以省略。
| 成分 | 能否省略？ | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 从句的主语 | 不能 | The man who called is my uncle. |
| 从句的宾语 | 能 | The book (that) I read was excellent. |
重复的代词
不说
The man who he lives here is my neighbor.The book that I read it was excellent.
应说
The man who lives here is my neighbor.
The book that I read was excellent.
关系代词已经起到了作用。为同一个名词再加一个代词就多了一个词，即使从句很长也是如此。
本部分的常见错误
- 缺少代词，主语被省掉了
There are some parents want a later start time.✓ There are some parents who want a later start time.代词是 want 的主语，所以必须保留。 - 重复的代词
The bike that I borrowed it had a flat tire.✓ The bike (that) I borrowed had a flat tire.That 已经代表 the bike。 - 重复的代词
The coach who she trains us is strict.✓ The coach who trains us is strict.Who 已经代表 the coach。
限制性与非限制性从句
从句是确定指哪一个，还是只补充额外信息？
规则： 限制性从句用来确定指哪一个，不加逗号。非限制性从句补充一个事实，要加逗号，保留代词，而且绝不用 that。逗号后面的 which 可以指整个句意。
确定指哪一个，还是补充事实？
| 类型 | 逗号？ | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 限制性：确定指哪一个 | 不能 | The students who studied hard passed. (only those students) |
| 非限制性：补充事实 | 能 | The students, who studied hard, passed. (all of them) |
| which 指整个句意 | 能 | He forgot my birthday, which upset me. |
非限制性从句从不用 that，而且总是保留代词，即使它是宾语也一样：my old car, which I sold last year。
本部分的常见错误
- 逗号缺失或误加
My father who is a farmer grows rice.✓ My father, who is a farmer, grows rice.你只有一个父亲，所以这个从句是补充事实。 - 在非限制性从句中用了 that
Jeju, that is an island, is popular with hikers.✓ Jeju, which is an island, is popular with hikers.That 不能跟在逗号后面。 - 在非限制性从句中用了 that
It rained all weekend, that ruined our plans.✓ It rained all weekend, which ruined our plans.Which 指整个句意。
补充：some of whom, all of which
在非限制性从句中，数量词之后，指人用 whom，指物用 which：I have two brothers, both of whom live abroad. She wrote three novels, all of which were translated.
简化从句与一致关系
名词是动作的执行者还是承受者？动词与哪个名词保持一致？
规则： 在简化从句中，名词是动作的执行者时用 -ing，动作施加在名词身上时用过去分词。动词要与代词所指的名词保持一致。介词之后用 whom 或 which。
简化从句
| 完整从句 | 简化从句 | 原因 |
|---|---|---|
| the man who is standing near the door | the man standing near the door | he stands: -ing |
| the book that was written by her | the book written by her | someone wrote it: 过去分词 |
一致关系与介词
| 要点 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| 动词与代词所指的名词保持一致 | people who live here / a person who lives here |
| 正式用法：介词放在 whom 或 which 之前 | the colleague with whom I worked / the village in which they grew up |
在这种结构中，that 和 who 不能放在介词后面。
本部分的常见错误
- 只简化了一半的从句
The woman who waiting outside is my aunt.✓ The woman waiting outside is my aunt.要么同时去掉 who 和 is，要么两个都保留。 - 分词用错
The money stealing from the bank was never found.✓ The money stolen from the bank was never found.有人偷了钱。 - 动词与名词不一致
Anyone who want a refund should keep the receipt.✓ Anyone who wants a refund should keep the receipt.Anyone 是单数。
自测
每个句子正确吗？点击查看答案。如果你拿不准，部分标签会告诉你该去看哪里。
第 1 部分The volunteer which organized the event deserves our thanks.
不正确。 The volunteer who organized the event deserves our thanks. Who 指人。
第 1 部分I can't remember what I said.
正确。 前面没有名词，所以用 what。
第 2 部分This is the stadium where we watched the final.
正确。 没有 where，从句也是完整的：we watched the final there。
第 2 部分This is the stadium where we toured last year.
不正确。 This is the stadium (that) we toured last year. Tour 需要宾语，所以不能用 where。
第 3 部分The bread I baked was too dry.
正确。 代词会是 baked 的宾语，所以可以省略。
第 3 部分The girl sings in the choir is my niece.
不正确。 The girl who sings in the choir is my niece. 代词是主语，所以必须保留。
第 4 部分My brother, that works in Seoul, visits every month.
不正确。 My brother, who works in Seoul, visits every month. That 不能跟在逗号后面。
第 4 部分The train was delayed, which made us late.
正确。 Which 指回整个句意。
第 5 部分The shirts made in this factory are sold worldwide.
正确。 衬衫是别人制造的，所以用过去分词。
第 5 部分Someone who love animals would enjoy this job.
不正确。 Someone who loves animals would enjoy this job. Someone 是单数。
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