冠词与限定词指南(中文翻译)

几乎每个名词前面,英语都要你做一个选择:a、an、the、some、many,或者什么都不加。三个问题就能解决大部分选择。其中两个关于名词本身,一个关于听话人已经知道什么。

阅读英文版指南 → 本页为机器翻译,未经母语者审校,可能有不准确之处。以英文版为准。

诊断结果会告诉你哪个部分需要复习。请点击下面对应的部分。

名词 可数吗?单数还是复数?语境 听话人知道指的是哪一个吗?两者 名词和意思

每个名词的三个问题

请按这个顺序提问。表格显示了每种组合允许的用法。

  1. 1
    可数还是不可数? 名词前面能加数字吗(two chairs)?如果不能(two furnitures),它就是不可数名词。
  2. 2
    单数还是复数? 单数可数名词前总是需要限定词。复数名词和不可数名词可以单独使用。
  3. 3
    听话人能分辨指的是哪一个吗? 如果能,用 the。如果不能,单数可数名词用 a/an,复数名词和不可数名词不用冠词(或用 some)。
a / an the 不加冠词
Singular countablechair, idea a chairany one, or new the chairthe one we both know ✗not possible
复数可数名词chairs, ideas ✗not possible the chairsparticular ones chairschairs in general
不可数名词furniture, advice ✗not possible the furnitureparticular furniture furniturefurniture in general

前两个问题关于名词本身。第三个关于语境:听话人已经知道什么。

1

名词

名词何时需要限定词

这个名词能单独使用,还是前面需要一个词?

规则: 单数可数名词需要限定词。复数名词和不可数名词在表示泛指时可以单独使用。

可以放在限定词位置的词

a / anthemy, your, our…this, thateach, everyoneanotherno

需要限定词

She is a doctor. Every seat was taken. What a day!

可以单独使用(泛指)

Doctors work long hours. Water is essential. Advice is free.

在 be 或 work as 之后,职业名称需要 a 或 an:He is an architect. 许多语言在这里省略冠词,所以这是学习者最常见的错误之一。

这一部分的常见错误

  • 缺少限定词My brother is student.✓ My brother is a student.Student 是单数可数名词。
  • 单数限定词搭配复数名词We bought a new chairs.✓ We bought new chairs.A 表示一个;chairs 是复数。
  • 泛指时用了 theThe water is important for health.✓ Water is important for health.泛指的水:不加冠词。
2

语境

a/an 还是 the?

这对听话人是新信息,还是听话人知道指的是哪一个?

规则: 表示新事物或任意一个时用 a 或 an;听话人知道指的是哪一个时用 the。a 还是 an 由发音决定。

Yesterday I bought a lamp and a rug. The lamp was cheap, but the rug cost more than I expected. When I got home, the front door was open.

a 引入了 lamp 和 rug。此后听话人知道指的是哪些,所以用 the。the front door 不需要先介绍:一个家只有一扇前门。

a 还是 an:看第一个音

a(辅音) an(元音)
a university, a uniform(y 音) an umbrella, an uncle
a European city(y 音) an egg, an email
a one-hour class(w 音) an hour, an honor(h 不发音)
a UN report(y 音) an MBA, an X-ray(字母名称:em, ex)

这一部分的常见错误

  • 听话人知道指的是哪一个时用了 a/anWhere is a remote control? I left it here.✓ Where is the remote control? I left it here.听话人知道指的是哪一个。
  • 新的或不特定的事物用了 theI'd like to have the dog one day.✓ I'd like to have a dog one day.任意一只狗,不是特定的某一只。
  • 按拼写选择 a/anShe waited a hour.✓ She waited an hour.h 不发音:元音音。
3

名词

可数名词和不可数名词

这个名词可数吗?如果不可数,怎么表示数量?

规则: 不可数名词不加 a 或 an,没有复数 -s,谓语用单数。要计数,就用计量短语。

语法回顾

这一部分只讲基础。不可数名词单元讲得更深入,有更多名词、更多计量短语,以及意思会变化的名词。

完整指南(英文) →

常见不可数名词

想法和信息advice, information, news, knowledge, research, evidence
成组的事物furniture, equipment, luggage, baggage, clothing, mail
活动和状况homework, work, progress, traffic, weather, fun
材料和食物water, rice, bread, sand, wood, money
抽象概念happiness, health, patience, courage, luck
两种意思experience / an experience, paper / a paper, time / a time

计量短语

名词 一个 多个
advice a piece of advice some tips, several pieces of advice
bread a loaf of bread, a slice of bread two loaves of bread
water a glass of water, a bottle of water three bottles of water
furniture a piece of furniture four pieces of furniture

许多这类名词在其他语言中是可数的。一些食物和饮料词在非正式场合可以可数(two coffees,指两杯),但 advice、information、furniture 和 equipment 不可以。

这一部分的常见错误

  • 不可数名词加了复数 -sThanks for all your helps.✓ Thanks for all your help.Help 是不可数名词。
  • 不可数名词前加了 a/anI have a homework tonight.✓ I have some homework tonight.Homework 前不加 a。
  • 不可数名词前直接加数字He bought two breads.✓ He bought two loaves of bread.用计量短语来数 bread。
  • 不可数名词搭配复数动词The weather are nice today.✓ The weather is nice today.不可数名词用单数动词。
4

名词和语境

数量词

多少,以及数量够不够?

规则: many 和 few 搭配复数名词;much 和 little 搭配不可数名词。a few 和 a little 是肯定含义;few 和 little 表示不够。

意思 复数可数名词 不可数名词 两者
大量 many much a lot of, lots of, plenty of
一些,足够(肯定) a few a little some
不够(否定) few little not much / not many
零 no, not any no, not any none of

a few:杯子是半满的

I have a few friends in the city, so I often go out.

few:杯子是半空的

I have few friends in the city, so I often feel lonely.

Much 在肯定句中听起来正式或生硬(We have much time)。请改用 a lot of:We have a lot of time. Much 在否定句和疑问句中是正常的。

语法回顾

不可数名词单元会用更多不可数名词练习 much、little 和 a little。

完整指南(英文) →

这一部分的常见错误

  • many/much 搭配错误I don't have many money.✓ I don't have much money.Money 是不可数名词。
  • few/little 搭配错误There were little cars on the road.✓ There were few cars on the road.Cars 是复数可数名词。
  • few 和 a few 的区别Good news: few seats are still available.✓ Good news: a few seats are still available.肯定含义:a few。
  • some/any 搭配错误I didn't buy some bread.✓ I didn't buy any bread.否定句通常用 any。
5

名词和语境

零冠词与名称

意思是泛指、固定短语,还是名称?

规则: 泛指的复数名词和不可数名词不加冠词,go to bed 这类短语也一样。大多数名称不加冠词,但河流、海洋、山脉、复数名称,以及带 of、States 或 Republic 的名称要加 the。

不加冠词 the
Life is short.(泛指生活) The life of a sailor is hard.(某个特定的生活)
Cats hate water. The cats in this shelter need homes.
Mount Kilimanjaro, Lake Baikal the Himalayas, the Mediterranean, the Danube
Brazil, Vietnam, Kenya the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, the United Arab Emirates
Oxford University, Central Park the University of Oxford, the Museum of Modern Art

不加冠词的固定短语

go to bedat workgo to schoolin classgo homeby busat nighthave lunch

在 go to bed、at work、go to school 和 in class 中,名词表示它通常的用途。加上 the,则指建筑物或物体:Her mother went to the school to meet the teacher. By bus、at night 和 have lunch 也是不加冠词的固定短语。英语的不同变体用法有差异(美式 in the hospital,英式 in hospital),所以本指南采用美式英语。

这一部分的常见错误

  • 本来不加冠词的名称却加了冠词We climbed the Mount Kilimanjaro.✓ We climbed Mount Kilimanjaro.单独的山峰不加冠词。
  • 名称中漏掉了 theThey live near Danube.✓ They live near the Danube.河流要加 the。
  • 泛指时用了 theThe money doesn't buy happiness.✓ Money doesn't buy happiness.泛指:不加冠词。
  • 固定短语中加了冠词She is still at the work.✓ She is still at work.固定短语:at work。

自测

每个句子正确吗?点击查看答案。如果你拿不准,部分标签会告诉你该看哪里。

第 1 部分My cousin is architect in Seoul.

错误。 My cousin is an architect in Seoul. 单数的职业名称需要 a 或 an。

第 1 部分Coffee keeps me awake.

正确。 泛指的咖啡:不加冠词。

第 2 部分I read an interesting article yesterday. An article was about sleep.

错误。 第二次提到时需要 the:The article was about sleep.

第 2 部分He has an MBA from a university in Texas.

正确。 字母 M(em)前用 an;university 的 y 音前用 a。

第 3 部分Can you give me an information about the course?

错误。 Information 是不可数名词:some information,或 a piece of information。

第 3 部分I bought three pieces of furniture for the living room.

正确。 Furniture 用 pieces of 来计数。

第 4 部分There are much tourists in the old town.

错误。 Tourists 是复数:many tourists,或 a lot of tourists。

第 4 部分We have a little time before the train leaves, so let's get a coffee.

正确。 A little 是肯定含义:some time,够喝杯咖啡。

第 5 部分The Lake Superior is one of the largest lakes in the world.

错误。 Lake 加名称不加冠词:Lake Superior。

第 5 部分We sailed along the Mediterranean coast.

正确。 海洋要加 the。

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我正在练习英语冠词和限定词(a、an、the、不加冠词,以及 many、much、few、a few 等数量词)。请用中文解释。请一次给我一个句子,共 10 个短句,每句有一个空格。内容要包括可数和不可数名词、第一次和第二次提到、地名,以及几个泛指的陈述。我回答每一题后,请告诉我对不对,用一句话解释规则,并指出中文通常如何处理这个问题。最后,请告诉我下面这些方面中我应该复习哪些:单数名词前的限定词、a/an 与 the、可数和不可数名词、数量词,或零冠词与名称。

阅读英文版指南 →