几乎每个名词前面,英语都要你做一个选择:a、an、the、some、many,或者什么都不加。三个问题就能解决大部分选择。其中两个关于名词本身,一个关于听话人已经知道什么。
阅读英文版指南 → 本页为机器翻译,未经母语者审校,可能有不准确之处。以英文版为准。
诊断结果会告诉你哪个部分需要复习。请点击下面对应的部分。
每个名词的三个问题
请按这个顺序提问。表格显示了每种组合允许的用法。
- 1
可数还是不可数? 名词前面能加数字吗(two chairs)?如果不能(two furnitures),它就是不可数名词。
- 2
单数还是复数? 单数可数名词前总是需要限定词。复数名词和不可数名词可以单独使用。
- 3
听话人能分辨指的是哪一个吗? 如果能,用 the。如果不能,单数可数名词用 a/an,复数名词和不可数名词不用冠词(或用 some)。
| a / an | the | 不加冠词 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular countablechair, idea | a chairany one, or new | the chairthe one we both know | ✗not possible |
| 复数可数名词chairs, ideas | ✗not possible | the chairsparticular ones | chairschairs in general |
| 不可数名词furniture, advice | ✗not possible | the furnitureparticular furniture | furniturefurniture in general |
前两个问题关于名词本身。第三个关于语境:听话人已经知道什么。
名词何时需要限定词
这个名词能单独使用,还是前面需要一个词?
规则: 单数可数名词需要限定词。复数名词和不可数名词在表示泛指时可以单独使用。
可以放在限定词位置的词
需要限定词
She is a doctor. Every seat was taken. What a day!
可以单独使用(泛指)
Doctors work long hours. Water is essential. Advice is free.
在 be 或 work as 之后,职业名称需要 a 或 an:He is an architect. 许多语言在这里省略冠词,所以这是学习者最常见的错误之一。
这一部分的常见错误
- 缺少限定词
My brother is student.✓ My brother is a student.Student 是单数可数名词。 - 单数限定词搭配复数名词
We bought a new chairs.✓ We bought new chairs.A 表示一个;chairs 是复数。 - 泛指时用了 the
The water is important for health.✓ Water is important for health.泛指的水:不加冠词。
a/an 还是 the?
这对听话人是新信息,还是听话人知道指的是哪一个?
规则: 表示新事物或任意一个时用 a 或 an;听话人知道指的是哪一个时用 the。a 还是 an 由发音决定。
a 引入了 lamp 和 rug。此后听话人知道指的是哪些,所以用 the。the front door 不需要先介绍:一个家只有一扇前门。
a 还是 an:看第一个音
| a(辅音) | an(元音) |
|---|---|
| a university, a uniform(y 音) | an umbrella, an uncle |
| a European city(y 音) | an egg, an email |
| a one-hour class(w 音) | an hour, an honor(h 不发音) |
| a UN report(y 音) | an MBA, an X-ray(字母名称:em, ex) |
这一部分的常见错误
- 听话人知道指的是哪一个时用了 a/an
Where is a remote control? I left it here.✓ Where is the remote control? I left it here.听话人知道指的是哪一个。 - 新的或不特定的事物用了 the
I'd like to have the dog one day.✓ I'd like to have a dog one day.任意一只狗,不是特定的某一只。 - 按拼写选择 a/an
She waited a hour.✓ She waited an hour.h 不发音:元音音。
可数名词和不可数名词
这个名词可数吗?如果不可数,怎么表示数量?
规则: 不可数名词不加 a 或 an,没有复数 -s,谓语用单数。要计数,就用计量短语。
常见不可数名词
计量短语
| 名词 | 一个 | 多个 |
|---|---|---|
| advice | a piece of advice | some tips, several pieces of advice |
| bread | a loaf of bread, a slice of bread | two loaves of bread |
| water | a glass of water, a bottle of water | three bottles of water |
| furniture | a piece of furniture | four pieces of furniture |
许多这类名词在其他语言中是可数的。一些食物和饮料词在非正式场合可以可数(two coffees,指两杯),但 advice、information、furniture 和 equipment 不可以。
这一部分的常见错误
- 不可数名词加了复数 -s
Thanks for all your helps.✓ Thanks for all your help.Help 是不可数名词。 - 不可数名词前加了 a/an
I have a homework tonight.✓ I have some homework tonight.Homework 前不加 a。 - 不可数名词前直接加数字
He bought two breads.✓ He bought two loaves of bread.用计量短语来数 bread。 - 不可数名词搭配复数动词
The weather are nice today.✓ The weather is nice today.不可数名词用单数动词。
数量词
多少,以及数量够不够?
规则: many 和 few 搭配复数名词;much 和 little 搭配不可数名词。a few 和 a little 是肯定含义;few 和 little 表示不够。
| 意思 | 复数可数名词 | 不可数名词 | 两者 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 大量 | many | much | a lot of, lots of, plenty of |
| 一些,足够(肯定) | a few | a little | some |
| 不够(否定) | few | little | not much / not many |
| 零 | no, not any | no, not any | none of |
a few:杯子是半满的
I have a few friends in the city, so I often go out.
few:杯子是半空的
I have few friends in the city, so I often feel lonely.
Much 在肯定句中听起来正式或生硬(We have much time)。请改用 a lot of:We have a lot of time. Much 在否定句和疑问句中是正常的。
这一部分的常见错误
- many/much 搭配错误
I don't have many money.✓ I don't have much money.Money 是不可数名词。 - few/little 搭配错误
There were little cars on the road.✓ There were few cars on the road.Cars 是复数可数名词。 - few 和 a few 的区别
Good news: few seats are still available.✓ Good news: a few seats are still available.肯定含义:a few。 - some/any 搭配错误
I didn't buy some bread.✓ I didn't buy any bread.否定句通常用 any。
零冠词与名称
意思是泛指、固定短语,还是名称?
规则: 泛指的复数名词和不可数名词不加冠词,go to bed 这类短语也一样。大多数名称不加冠词,但河流、海洋、山脉、复数名称,以及带 of、States 或 Republic 的名称要加 the。
| 不加冠词 | the |
|---|---|
| Life is short.(泛指生活) | The life of a sailor is hard.(某个特定的生活) |
| Cats hate water. | The cats in this shelter need homes. |
| Mount Kilimanjaro, Lake Baikal | the Himalayas, the Mediterranean, the Danube |
| Brazil, Vietnam, Kenya | the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, the United Arab Emirates |
| Oxford University, Central Park | the University of Oxford, the Museum of Modern Art |
不加冠词的固定短语
在 go to bed、at work、go to school 和 in class 中,名词表示它通常的用途。加上 the,则指建筑物或物体:Her mother went to the school to meet the teacher. By bus、at night 和 have lunch 也是不加冠词的固定短语。英语的不同变体用法有差异(美式 in the hospital,英式 in hospital),所以本指南采用美式英语。
这一部分的常见错误
- 本来不加冠词的名称却加了冠词
We climbed the Mount Kilimanjaro.✓ We climbed Mount Kilimanjaro.单独的山峰不加冠词。 - 名称中漏掉了 the
They live near Danube.✓ They live near the Danube.河流要加 the。 - 泛指时用了 the
The money doesn't buy happiness.✓ Money doesn't buy happiness.泛指:不加冠词。 - 固定短语中加了冠词
She is still at the work.✓ She is still at work.固定短语:at work。
自测
每个句子正确吗?点击查看答案。如果你拿不准,部分标签会告诉你该看哪里。
第 1 部分My cousin is architect in Seoul.
错误。 My cousin is an architect in Seoul. 单数的职业名称需要 a 或 an。
第 1 部分Coffee keeps me awake.
正确。 泛指的咖啡:不加冠词。
第 2 部分I read an interesting article yesterday. An article was about sleep.
错误。 第二次提到时需要 the:The article was about sleep.
第 2 部分He has an MBA from a university in Texas.
正确。 字母 M(em)前用 an;university 的 y 音前用 a。
第 3 部分Can you give me an information about the course?
错误。 Information 是不可数名词:some information,或 a piece of information。
第 3 部分I bought three pieces of furniture for the living room.
正确。 Furniture 用 pieces of 来计数。
第 4 部分There are much tourists in the old town.
错误。 Tourists 是复数:many tourists,或 a lot of tourists。
第 4 部分We have a little time before the train leaves, so let's get a coffee.
正确。 A little 是肯定含义:some time,够喝杯咖啡。
第 5 部分The Lake Superior is one of the largest lakes in the world.
错误。 Lake 加名称不加冠词:Lake Superior。
第 5 部分We sailed along the Mediterranean coast.
正确。 海洋要加 the。
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