每个含有动作的句子都有施动者和承受者。主动语态和被动语态用不同的顺序排列同样的事实，所以真正的问题是：这个句子是关于什么的？本指南讲解如何在任何时态中识别和构成被动语态，哪些动词永远不能用被动，哪些表达需要 be，以及如何判断该用哪种语态。
阅读英文版指南 → 本页为机器翻译，未经母语者审校，可能有不准确之处。以英文版为准。
诊断结果会告诉你哪个部分需要复习。请点击下面对应的部分。
核心概念
主动和被动是安排同样事实的两种方式。事实不变，变的是哪个名词放在前面，因此句子讲的是什么也随之改变。
| 语态 | 句型 | 例句 | 句子讲的是 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 主动 | 施动者 + 动词 + 承受者 | The committee rejected the proposal. | the committee |
| 被动 | 承受者 + be + 过去分词（+ by 施动者） | The proposal was rejected (by the committee). | the proposal |
- 1
被动语态总是需要 be 的某种形式（is, are, was, were, been, being, be），后面跟 过去分词 （rejected, written, taken）。两部分缺一不可。
- 2
时态由 be承担。过去分词永远不变。
- 3
带 by 的短语是可选的，在实际写作中大多数时候都会省略。
只有带宾语的动词才能用被动。reject、write、build、give 带宾语；happen、arrive、die、exist 不带宾语，所以没有被动形式（第 3 部分）。
识别语态
这个句子是被动吗？主语是执行动作，还是承受动作？
规则： 找到主语。如果它承受动作，动词就是 be + 过去分词。
主语是执行动作还是承受动作？
找到主语，然后问：它是 执行 动作，还是 承受 动作？如果它承受动作，动词就是 be + 过去分词。
两种看起来像被动但不是被动的形式
| 形式 | 例句 | 是被动吗？ |
|---|---|---|
| be + -ing | Workers were painting the hall. | 不是：主动进行时 |
| be + being + past participle | The hall was being painted. | 是：被动进行时 |
| be + adjective | The hall was empty. We were late. | 不是：表示状态 |
| be + past participle | The windows were broken during the storm. | 是：有东西打破了它们 |
两可的句子
The door was locked 可以描述状态（门没开着），也可以描述动作（有人锁了门）。由上下文决定，两种理解都是正常的英语。
其他值得认识的被动形式
| 形式 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| get 被动（非正式） | He got fired. My bike got stolen. |
| 双宾语动词 | She was offered a promotion. |
| 报道类被动 | It is believed that the bridge is medieval. He is said to be retiring. |
本部分的常见错误
- 施动者却用了被动形式
The students were discussed the article in groups.✓ The students discussed the article in groups.是学生们在讨论，所以动词用主动。 - 承受者却用了主动形式
The new bridge will open by the mayor on Friday.✓ The new bridge will be opened by the mayor on Friday.桥承受动作，by 短语说出了施动者。 - 用了 be + -ing，而不是 be + 过去分词
The kitchen is cleaning right now, so please wait outside.✓ The kitchen is being cleaned right now, so please wait outside.厨房是被打扫的：is being cleaned。
构成正确形式
在这个时态或句型中，被动构成得正确吗？
规则： 在所有时态和句型中，被动都是 be + 过去分词。根据时态、主语和句型改变 be（be、been、being、to be），过去分词保持不变。
各种时态的被动
| 时态 | 主动 | 被动 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | The university publishes the results in June. | The results are published in June. |
| 现在进行时 | They are renovating the library. | The library is being renovated. |
| 现在完成时 | Someone has canceled the meeting. | The meeting has been canceled. |
| 一般过去时 | The chef cooked the meal. | The meal was cooked by the chef. |
| 过去进行时 | Workers were repairing the road all week. | The road was being repaired all week. |
| 过去完成时 | The team had finished the report before the deadline. | The report had been finished before the deadline. |
| will | The company will release a new phone. | A new phone will be released. |
| be going to | They are going to close the bridge. | The bridge is going to be closed. |
将来进行时被动（will be being built）和完成进行时被动（has been being built）是可能的，但听起来很笨重。大多数人会改用主动。
情态动词、不定式和 -ing 形式
| 句型 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| modal + be + participle | The sample should be stored below four degrees. |
| modal + have been + participle | The error could have been avoided. |
| to be + participle | He wants to be included in the plan. |
| being + participle | She is tired of being asked the same question. |
双宾语动词
give、send、offer、show、tell、teach、pay 这类动词的被动，英语通常以 人开头： She was offered a promotion。另一种说法（A promotion was offered to her）也可以，但更正式。
按顺序检查三件事
有 be 吗？be 的形式和时态、主语相符吗？动词是第三形式吗？
本部分的常见错误
- 缺少 be
The castle built in the 15th century.✓ The castle was built in the 15th century.分词本身不是谓语动词。 - 分词形式错误
The winners were chose by the audience.✓ The winners were chosen by the audience.用第三形式：chosen。 - 主谓不一致
The new computers was installed last week.✓ The new computers were installed last week.be 与 computers 一致，它是复数。
不能用被动的动词
这个动词到底有没有被动形式？
规则： 如果没有东西承受动作，这个动词就没有被动形式。
没有被动的动词
被动把宾语移到句首。这些动词从不带宾语，所以没有东西可移。很多语言用类似被动的词尾表达这些意思，所以这个错误非常常见。
同一个句子，不同的动词
| 带宾语：可以用被动 | 不带宾语：只能用主动 |
|---|---|
| The company was founded in 1987… | …and still exists today. |
| The concert was canceled… | …but the storm happened anyway. |
| The rest of the houses were rebuilt. | Two houses remained after the fire. |
快速测试
问一问这个动作是对谁或对什么做的（what was it done to?）。如果答不上来，就没有被动。
本部分的常见错误
- 不及物动词用了被动
A strange thing was happened during the exam.✓ A strange thing happened during the exam.happen 没有被动。 - 不及物动词用了被动
The team is consisted of five engineers.✓ The team consists of five engineers.consist of 永远用主动。 - 承受者却用了主动形式
The old factory closed down and demolished in 2015.✓ The old factory closed down and was demolished in 2015.close down 不带宾语，但 demolish 带宾语。
情感与固定表达
即使意思感觉是主动的，英语在这里需要 be 吗？
规则： 有感受的人用 -ed，引起感受的事物用 -ing。有些表达，如 be born、be located、be married to，在英语中需要 be。
-ed 还是 -ing？
| -ed：有这种感受的人 | -ing：引起这种感受的事物 |
|---|---|
| I am bored. | The class is boring. |
| The students were confused. | The lecture was confusing. |
| Even the researchers were surprised. | The findings were surprising. |
I am interesting in economics 的意思是你让别人感兴趣。应该说 I am interested in economics。
在英语中是被动形式的表达
| 表达 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| be born | She was born in Lagos. |
| be located / be situated | The campus is located near the station. |
| be based | The firm is based in Toronto. |
| be known as / be called | The street is known as the food alley. |
| be married to | He is married to a nurse. |
| be interested in / be involved in | She is involved in the debate club. |
He married a nurse 也是正确的，它描述结婚这件事。He is married to a nurse 描述现在的状态。
本部分的常见错误
- 感受者用了 -ing
We were very boring during the long flight.✓ We were very bored during the long flight.是我们有这种感受，所以用 bored。 - 缺少 be
My parents born in the same village.✓ My parents were born in the same village.be born 需要 be。 - 介词错误
She is married with a pilot.✓ She is married to a pilot.固定说法是 married to。
选择正确的语态
这个句子该用被动吗？这是判断，不是规则。
规则： 问问这个句子是关于什么的。如果是施动者，用主动；如果是受影响的事物，用被动。
以下情况用被动
| 原因 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| 施动者未知 | My wallet was stolen on the subway. |
| 施动者显而易见或不重要 | The suspect was arrested yesterday. |
| 结果比施动者更重要 | Over 200 homes were destroyed in the fire. |
| 你在描述一个过程或方法 | The samples were heated to 90 degrees and then cooled slowly. |
| 你想保持同一个话题 | The library opened in March. It was designed by a local firm. |
| 你想避免直接指责某人 | A mistake was made in the invoice. |
以下情况用主动
- 施动者就是重点： Our team won the contract.
- 你在讲述人们做了什么。
- 被动会隐藏读者需要的信息。”Mistakes were made” 是用被动来逃避责任的著名例子。
- 你在写个人性或说服性的内容，需要清晰的语气。
主动并不总是更好
避免使用被动的建议是一种文体偏好，不是语法规则。在科学、法律、新闻和学术写作中，被动很常见。如果拿不定主意，就问问这个句子是关于什么的。如果还是判断不了，就用主动，因为它更短。
by 短语
| 句子 | 保留 by 吗？ |
|---|---|
| Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. | 保留：施动者就是信息。 |
| The photo was taken by my grandmother in 1962. | 保留：具体且相关。 |
| The thief was arrested by the police. | 删去：除了警察还有谁会逮捕小偷？ |
| English is spoken by people all over the world. | 删去：它没有增加任何信息。 |
语体：get 被动
在口语中， get 常常代替 be，尤其是在意外发生在人身上的事情时： He got fired. We get paid on the 25th. 在对话和随意的邮件中可以使用。在报告和论文中用 be： He was dismissed.
被动用得太多
难读
The survey was designed by our group. The questions were written by Lin. The data was collected by me and was analyzed by Omar.
更清楚
Our group designed the survey. Lin wrote the questions, I collected the data, and Omar analyzed it.
本部分的常见错误
- 多余的 by 短语
Coffee is grown by farmers in the hills of Colombia.✓ Coffee is grown in the hills of Colombia.除了农民还有谁会种咖啡？by 短语没有增加任何信息。 - 正式文体中用了 get 被动
Annual report: The CEO got replaced in June.✓ Annual report: The CEO was replaced in June.正式文体用 be，不用 get。 - 连用太多带 by 的被动
The poster was designed by Ana, and the photos were taken by me.✓ Ana designed the poster, and I took the photos.施动者很重要，所以用主动更清楚。
自我检查
每个句子正确吗？点击查看答案。部分标签告诉你，如果不确定该去哪里复习。
第 1 部分The museum is being cleaned this week.
正确。 is being cleaned 是被动进行时：be，being，然后是分词。
第 1 部分We were late for the meeting, so we were missed the start.
错误。 是我们错过了开头：we missed the start。were late 是 be + 形容词，不是被动。
第 2 部分The new policy will be introduce next month.
错误。 be 后面用分词：will be introduced。
第 2 部分Applicants are required to submit two references.
正确。 are required 是一般现在时被动，在规定和说明中很常见。
第 3 部分The concert was took place in the park.
错误。 take place 没有被动：The concert took place in the park。
第 3 部分Two people were injured, but the driver remained calm.
正确。 injure 带宾语，所以可以用被动。remain 不行。
第 4 部分I was so exciting to get my exam results.
错误。 是你有这种感受：I was so excited to get my exam results。
第 4 部分The hotel is located right next to the beach.
正确。 be located 需要 be。
第 5 部分Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928.
正确。 施动者就是信息，所以保留 by 短语。
第 5 部分In a lab report: The solution got heated to 60 degrees.
错误。 正式文体用 be：The solution was heated to 60 degrees。
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